AdobeStock_514604310Northwest Area Health Education Center (AHEC) and the Office of Continuing Medical Education (OCME) have developed goals to enhance the health of the public by intentionally addressing Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), Cultural Humility and Health Disparities.

These resources provide easy access to information on SDOH, Cultural Humility and Health Disparities.  The resources can help guide the delivery of care and training which can impact creating a healthy North Carolina. 

This resource list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all resources as it relates to SDOH, Cultural Humility and Health Disparities. 

Social Determinants of Health

Social Determinants of Health are the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. 

Healthy People 2030 approach to social determinants of health include the five key areas (determinants): Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, Access to Health Care, & Neighborhood and Built Environment. Read more here

  1. Addressing the Social Determinants of Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Family & Community Health. Sandhu, Sahil BS; Lemmon, Monica E.MD; Eisenson, Howard MD; Crowder, Carolyn MSW; Bettger, Janet prvu ScD. (2021). 44(2), 78-80. Doi:10.1097/FCH.0000000000000290.
  2. Aunt Bertha Connecting People and Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  3. Buying Health for North Carolinians: Addressing Nonmedical Drivers Of Health At Scale. Health Affairs, Wortman Z, Tilson EC, Cohen MK. (2020). (Millwood). 39(4):649-654. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01583. PMID: 32250668.
  4. Crisis Control. (n.d.) Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  5. Food Insecurity Screening in Primary Care: Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic by Encounter Modality. Nguyen CJ, Gold R, Mohammed A, Krancari M, Hoopes M, Morrissey S, Buchwald D, Muller CJ. Am J Prev Med. 2023 Mar 23:S0749-3797(23)00151-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.014.
  6. Medical-Legal Partnership in Western North Carolina: Addressing Social Determinants of Health Through Team-Based Care. North Carolina Medical Journal, Salter AS, Anderson GT, Gettinger J & Stigleman S. (2018).  79, 259-260. doi:10.18043/ncm.79.4.259, 10.18043/ncm.79.4.259.
  7. NCCARE360 Building Connections for a Healthier North Carolina.(n.d.). The NC Resource Platform. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  8. Screening for Social Determinants of Health in Free and Charitable Clinics in North Carolina. J Health Care Poor Underserved. Palakshappa D, Scheerer M, Semelka CT, Foley KL. 2020;31(1):382-397. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2020.0029. PMID: 32037338 
  9. Social Determinants of Health in Rural Communities Toolkit - RHIhub Toolkit.(n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2024
  10. Social Determinants of Health. (n.d.). Healthy People 2030.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved [date graphic was accessed], from https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health
  11. Social Determinants of Health. NCHHSTP. CDC. (2024, January 17). Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  12. The Future of Medical Coding for Social Determinants of Health: North Carolina Institute of Medicine. Lyda-McDonald, B. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  13. World Health Organization. (2021). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. Scott, Karen A. MD, MPH; Britton, Laura PhD, RN; McLemore, Monica R. PhD, MPH, RN. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  14. Addressing Social Determinants of Health: Now Is the Time. J Natl Cancer Inst. Bona K, Keating NL. 2022 Dec 8;114(12):1561-1563. doi:     10.1093/jnci/djac137. PMID:
  15. Social Determinants of Health: An Overview for the Primary Care Provider. Prim Care. Morelli V. 2023 Dec;50(4):507-525. doi:                   10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.004. Epub 2023 Jun 20.

 

Cultural Humility

Cultural humility is a process of self-reflection and discovery in order to build honest and trustworthy relationships.

  1. Cultural Humility Toolkit. Foronda C, Prather S, Baptiste DL, Luctkar-Flude M. Nurse Educ. 2022 Sep-Oct 01;47(5):267-271. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001182. Epub 2022 Mar 25. PMID: 35324491

  2. Practicing Cultural Competence and Cultural Humility in the Care of Diverse Patients. Stubbe DE. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020 Jan;18(1):49-51. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190041. Epub 2020 Jan 24. PMID: 32047398 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

  3. Cultural Humility: A Critical Step in Achieving Health Equity. Kibakaya EC, Oyeku SO. Pediatrics. 2022 Feb 1;149(2):e2021052883. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052883. PMID: 35098316 Free PMC article. Review. No abstract available.

  4. A Theory of Cultural Humility. Foronda C. J Transcult Nurs. 2020 Jan;31(1):7-12. doi: 10.1177/1043659619875184. Epub 2019 Sep 13. PMID: 31516091

  5. Integrating Cultural Humility into the Medical Education Curriculum: Strategies for Educators. Solchanyk D, Ekeh O, Saffran L, Burnett-Zeigler IE, Doobay-Persaud A. Teach Learn Med. 2021 Oct-Dec;33(5):554-560. doi: 10.1080/10401334.2021.1877711. Epub 2021 Feb 11. PMID: 33573412

  6. Developing Cultural Humility Among Prelicensure Nursing Students. Carter A, Davis S, Pierce A, Seibert S, Butler R. Nurse Educ. 2022 Jan-Feb 01;47(1):46. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001077. PMID: 34280946 No abstract available.

  7. Rethinking Cultural Competence: Shifting to Cultural Humility. Lekas HM, Pahl K, Fuller Lewis C. Health Serv Insights. 2020 Dec 20;13:1178632920970580. doi: 10.1177/1178632920970580. eCollection 2020. PMID: 33424230 Free PMC article.

  8. Developing Cultural Humility Through an Interprofessional Clinical Education Experience. Frie K, Timm J. Nurse Educ. 2023 Sep-Oct 01;48(5):E153-E157. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001379. Epub 2023 Feb 17. PMID: 36807285

  9. Practicing cultural humility toward Black and Brown communities in the ED. Wall A. Nursing. 2023 Apr 1;53(4):41-44. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000920456.10204.1a. PMID: 36946637

  10. Cultural Humility: A Proposed Model for a Continuing Professional Development Program. Cox JL, Simpson MD. Pharmacy (Basel). 2020 Nov 13;8(4):214. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8040214. PMID: 33202754 Free PMC article.

  11. Building-Bridges-Culural Humility Toolkit.  Bauer , A. G., Howard, L., & Jenkins, T. (n.d.). Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies. REACH.

 

Health Disparities

Health disparities are particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.

  1. Health and health care disparities related to rehabilitation and COVID-19. Harden JK, Blauwet CA, Silver JK, Sholas MG, Rasheed Z, Verduzco-Gutierrez M. PM R. 2022 Feb;14(2):273-279. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12775. Epub 2022 Feb 5. PMID: 35077011

  2. Health disparities in transgender people. Tangpricha V. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Oct;9(10):641-643. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00211-4. Epub 2021 Sep 2. PMID: 34481557

  3. Design and Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Health Disparities Research Curriculum. Johnson KS, Thomas KL, Pinheiro SO, Svetkey LP. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018 Aug;110(4):305-313. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 30126554 Free PMC article.

  4. The Magnification of Health Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Willems SJ, Castells MC, Baptist AP. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Apr;10(4):903-908. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.032. Epub 2022 Feb 4. PMID: 35131511 Free PMC article.

  5. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension: Barriers and Opportunities to Improve Blood Pressure Control. Abrahamowicz AA, Ebinger J, Whelton SP, Commodore-Mensah Y, Yang E. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023 Jan;25(1):17-27. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01826-x. Epub 2023 Jan 9. PMID: 36622491

  6. Health Equity and the Circle of Human Concern. Powell JA, Toppin E. AMA J Ethics. 2021 Feb 1;23(2):E166-174. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2021.166. PMID: 33635197

  7. Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities. Subica AM, Link BG. Soc Sci Med. 2022 Jan;292:114574. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114574. Epub 2021 Nov 17. PMID: 34808396

  8. Melanoma and Racial Health Disparities in Black Individuals-Facts, Fallacies, and Fixes. Marchetti MA, Adamson AS, Halpern AC. JAMA Dermatol. 2021 Sep 1;157(9):1031-1032. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2215. PMID: 34287652

  9. Historic Abuses, Present Disparities, and Systemic Racism: Threats to Surrogate Decision-making for Critical Care Research Enrollment. Krutsinger DC, Courtright KR, Estabrooks PA. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Jul;18(7):1118-1120. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202103-386ED. PMID: 34242151

  10. Moving Beyond Gender Disparities: A Call to Action for Gender Parity and Equity. Jarman AF, Hobgood CD, Madsen TE. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Jul;80(1):65-67. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.05.028.

  11. The Relationship Between Social Determinants of Health and Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality. Journal of Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. Dalsania AK, Fastiggi MJ, & Kahlam A. (2021) Jan 5:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00952-y. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33403652.

  12. Reducing disparities in health care. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/reducing-disparities-health-care. October 23, 2023. Accessed November 12, 2024
  13. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Related to COVID-19. JAMA. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775687. February 23, 2021, Accessed November 12, 2024.
  14. Health Disparities Resources NCDHHS

 

Additional Resources

For more information about Northwest AHEC and the OCME, please visit www.northwestahec.org or call 336-713-7700

 

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